Cattleya defines “orchid” for most people, and its popularity is well deserved for its long-lasting gorgeous flowers.  The 45 Central and South American species usually grow near treetops in moist forests.  Cattleya flowers bloom for about 4 weeks on the plant, with buds arising from a sheath.  These orchids do well in bright light.  If they get too much, they will tell you by turning their leaf edges red.  They like winter night temperatures of 55 to 65 degrees.

CYMBIDIUM

These are a very popular group of orchids.  Their appeal is in the clumps of grass-like foliage and tall spikes of flowers.  The 50+ species are found throughout tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Japan and southward to New Guinea and Australia. Flowers are found in almost very color except blue and purple.  Single plants may remain in flower for up to three months.  All require high light, some even require full sun exposure.  Most need cool nights.  Larger hybrids need fall night temperatures of 40-45 degrees for 4-5 weeks.

DENDROBIUM

The genus Dendrobium offers an extensive array of orchids:  more than 1,600 species distributed worldwide.  Many of these plants are native to the Philippines, but Dendrobiums also thrive in India, Burma, and China. Water every 5 to 7 days, keep almost moist, drier in winter.  Provide bright light with 25-50 percent shade, more light in winter.  Fertilize twice a month, less in winter. Maintain temperatures of 70 to 90 degrees day, 45 to 65 degrees night.

LAELIA

Laelias are so closely related to Cattleyas, some authorities have grouped the two together. The number of species varies from 35-75, with most inhabiting lower elevations in southern Mexico, Central America and Brazil. Predominate colors are various shades of pink, although some white forms are also known. Laelias do best when grown in bright light and intermediate temperatures. They should be allowed to dry out between waterings. Fertilize regularly during their growth period.

MILTONIA

Often called “Pansy Orchid”, this small group grows naturally at low to medium elevations of Brazil.  Miltonia was named in 1838 in honor of an early patron of Horticulture.  Miltonias prefer winter night temperatures of about 60 degrees and summer days of 80 degrees or lower.  Medium light and water should keep them happy.  If leaves “accordion” into crinkled pleats, the water is insufficient or the humidity is too low.

ODONTOGLOSSUM

Typically found in the highlands of Central and South America.  Some are found growing at elevations as high as 11,000 feet.  Their name is derived from the Greek words for “tooth” and “tongue” referring to a tooth-like projection on the lip of the flower.  Many hybrids exist and most are striking in patterned colors ranging from white to yellow, pink, brown and red.  Most Odontoglossums prefer cool temperatures and medium light. Feed and water frequently year-round.

ONCIDIUM

With origins in Central and Tropical America, oncidiums must be given plenty of light. Foliage growth will develop in lower light, but bloom initiation needs higher light. These orchids thrive on rapid alternation of wet and dry conditions.  Every 5-7 days water, no fertilizer during rest period, weekly fertilizer during growth period. Reduce fertilizer when ready to bloom.  Good air movement is beneficial, low to medium humidity. Repot every other year.

PAPHIOPEDILUM (Paff-ee-oh-PED-ih-lum)

Paphiopedilum, the Lady’s-Slipper Orchid, shows variation in their foliage, which also indicates their temperature needs.  Those with mottled leaves require 60 to 65 F during the night and 75 to 85 F during the day.  The cooler-growing green-leaved types should be kept at 50 to 60 F during the night and 75 to 80 F during the day.  Water every 5 to 7 days, keep evenly moist, avoid wet foliage.  Light is moderate, 70 to 80 percent shade, no direct sun.  Fertilize with weak solution twice a month.

PHAIUS (NUN’S ORCHID)

These terrestrial and deciduous orchids are native to China, Africa and Madagascar.  Most of the species adapt to varying temperatures, so Phaius are ideal for window gardening.  The leaves are often more than 48 inches in height, and the erect flower spikes display 10-20 long-lasting, scented and large flowers.  Phaius is generally easy to grow in cool temperatures.

PHALAENOPSIS (MOTH ORCHID)

The Moth Orchid originates in Southeast Asia. Moderate light, no full sun, east window is good.  These thrive outside in summer when shaded and adapt well to house temperatures (best at 64-68 degrees and high humidity). Drastic changes to temperature will result in bud drop. To induce flowering, provide several weeks of 61 degree day temperatures and 55 degree night temperatures. Regular watering is required. Water weekly during periods of active growth and every 10-15 days during winter. Phalaenopsis do not need frequent repotting. Repot after two years.

PHRAGMIPEDIUM

These plants are native to southern Mexico, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.  The light-green foliage is strap-like, and plants have no pseudobulbs.  Some of the flower petals are a striking 20 inches long.  Phragmipediums grow in a medium of perlite, shredded tree fern and bark; never let the medium become dry.  Plants need partial shade and only morning sun.  They grow best in cool temperatures.